Improving the management effectiveness and decision-making by stakeholders' perspectives: A case study in a protected area from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Assessing management effectiveness in protected areas is a fundamental instrument to achieve socio-biodiversity protection goals. This study aimed to analyze the management effectiveness of Cunhambebe State Park (from now on, "PEC") in the State of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, from the perception of stakeholders and the multi-temporal analysis of land use and land cover between 1998 and 2018. We used the Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management method for a participatory approach. Seventy-two indicators were used and applied to assess the perception of stakeholders related to the Advisory Council. The management effectiveness of PEC was classified as moderately satisfactory (63.41%). Indicators of "Legal security", "Vulnerability", "Site design and planning" and "Financial resources" revealed the weaknesses and threats of management and what should be the priority projects for better effectiveness. Through the multi-temporal analysis, we identified that the advances of pasture and urban areas are the highest pressures and threats, as perceived by stakeholders. In our case study, we provide evidence of actions that must be performed by the PEC management team. These actions must consider the weaknesses and threats presented by the SWOT analysis. Finally, we recommend some political and management measures: 1) Financial resources for the land regularization of areas overlapping with PEC, 2) Guidelines about PEC areas must be included in the Master Plans of municipalities that cover PEC limits, 3) Technical assistance to improve land management, and 4) Strengthen environmental education initiatives at all school levels.

Influência da certificação florestal no cumprimento da legislação ambiental e trabalhista na região amazônica / Influence of the forest certification in the compliance of the environmental and labor legislation in the Amazonia Region

Nas últimas décadas tem surgido uma maior preocupação ambiental advinda das mudanças climáticas e dos desmatamentos contínuos das florestas tropicais. Para conciliar a exploração e a conservação das florestas surgiram alguns mecanismos, entre eles a certificação florestal. No Brasil, ela está presente há mais de uma década, através do FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), uma ONG (Organização Não-Governamental) que estabeleceu um padrão para a certificação do manejo florestal. Este padrão possui nove princípios e o primeiro deles trata da "Obediência às Leis e Princípios do FSC", exigindo o cumprimento e respeito de todas as leis aplicáveis ao país onde opera e obedecer a todos os seus Princípios e Critérios. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a influência da certificação florestal no cumprimento da legislação nas unidades de manejo de florestas nativas. Buscaram-se os dados nos relatórios públicos das unidades de manejo certificadas até 2007. A avaliação foi realizada por meio da identificação e análise das principais não-conformidades, com relação ao primeiro princípio. Verificou-se que os principais problemas estavam relacionados à legislação ambiental e trabalhista. As não-conformidades da legislação trabalhista foram em sua maioria referentes aos problemas com trabalhadores terceirizados e a legislação ambiental referentes às áreas de preservação permanente e falta de autorizações de órgãos ambientais. Caso sejam tomadas ações para resolvê-las, pode-se concluir que a certificação florestal pode contribuir para o atendimento da legislação nas unidades de manejo de florestas nativas.

In the last decades environmental concerns have been arising as a result of the climate changes and the ongoing deforestation in tropical regions. To conciliate the exploration and conservation of the forests some mechanisms have , among them the forest certification. In Brazil, it has been presented more than a decade, through the FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), an NGO (Non-governmental organization) which established standard guidelines for forest management certification. Such guidelines have nine principles and the first one deal with "Compliance with laws and FSC Principles", demanding the compliance and respect of all applicable laws of the country where it operates and comply with all their Principles and Criteria. In this context, this study aimed to verify the influence of forest certification in the legislation compliance in the units of management of native forest. Data was collected from public reports of the certificated management units until 2007. The evaluation was made up through the identification and analyses of the main non-conformance, related to the first principle. It was found that the main problems were related to the environmental and labor legislation. The labor legislation non-conformances were mostly related to the problems with the outsourced workers and environmental legislation relating to permanent preservation areas and lack of permit from environmental agencies.